Europe
- Abkhazia - Mikheil, Prince of Abkhazia (1822–1864)
- Andorra -
- Simó Rojas de Guardiola i Hortoneda, Bishop of Urgell (1828–1851)
- Louis-Philippe I, King of France (1830–1848)
- Austria - Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria (1835–1848)
- Chancellor - Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Chancellor of Austria (1821–1848)
- Bavaria -
- Monarch - Ludwig I, King of Bavaria (1825–1848)
- Prime Minister - Karl von Abel, Prime Minister of Bavaria (1837–1847)
- Belgium
- Monarch - Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
- Cabinet Chief - Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1834–1840, 1846–1847)
- Denmark
- Monarch - Frederick VI, King of Denmark (1808–1839)
- Prime Minister - Otto Joachim, Minister of State of Denmark (1824–1842)
- France -
- Monarch - Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830–1848)
- Prime Minister - Louis-Mathieu Molé, Prime Minister of France (1836–1839)
- Greece - Otto, King of Greece (1832–1862)
- Hanover - Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (1837–1851)
- United Kingdom of the Netherlands - William I, King of the Netherlands (1815–1840)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
- Monarch - Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808–1839)
- Grand Vizier - Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1833–1839)
- Portugal - Maria II, Queen of Portugal (1826–1828, 1834–1853)
- Prussia -
- Monarch - Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia (1797–1840)
- Chief Minister - Count Karl Friedrich Heinrich von Wylich, Chief Minister of Prussia (1823–1841)
- Russia - Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia (1825–1855)
- Spain - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833–1868)
- Saxony - Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony (1836–1854)
- Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XIV, King of Sweden (1818–1844)
- Tuscany - Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1824–1859)
- Two Sicilies - Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies (1830–1859)
- United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901)
- Prime Minister - William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1835–1841)
- Württemberg - William, King of Württemberg (1816–1864)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1838
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“What passes for identity in America is a series of myths about one’s heroic ancestors. It’s astounding to me, for example, that so many people really seem to believe that the country was founded by a band of heroes who wanted to be free. That happens not to be true. What happened was that some people left Europe because they couldn’t stay there any longer and had to go someplace else to make it. They were hungry, they were poor, they were convicts.”
—James Baldwin (1924–1987)
“What helps it now, that Byron bore,
With haughty scorn which mock’d the smart,
Through Europe to the Aetolian shore
The pageant of his bleeding heart?
That thousands counted every groan,
And Europe made his woe her own?”
—Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)
“The people of Western Europe are facing this summer a series of tragic dilemmas. Of the hopes that dazzled the last twenty years that some political movement might tend to the betterment of the human lot, little remains above ground but the tattered slogans of the past.”
—John Dos Passos (1896–1970)