List of State Leaders in 1654 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark–Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark (1648–1670)
  • England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth (1653–1658)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Bremen, Duchy -
      1. Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Duchess regnant of Bremen (1648–1654)
      2. Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Duke of Bremen (1654–1660)
    • Verden, Principality -
      1. Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Princess regnant of Verden (1648–1654)
      2. Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Prince of Verden (1654–1660)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Parma - Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma (1646–1694)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Portugal - John IV, King of Portugal (1640–1656)
  • Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden -
    1. Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
    2. Charles X Gustav, King of Sweden (1654–1660)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “In Europe life is histrionic and dramatized, and ... in America, except when it is trying to be European, it is direct and sincere.”
    —William Dean Howells (1837–1920)

    “In America the cohesion was a matter of choice and will. But in Europe it was organic.”
    —D.H. (David Herbert)

    “Should the German people lay down their arms, the Soviets ... would occupy all eastern and south-eastern Europe together with the greater part of the Reich. Over all this territory, which with the Soviet Union included, would be of enormous extent, an iron curtain would at once descend.”
    —Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945)