Europe
- Denmark–Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark (1648–1670)
- England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth (1653–1658)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Bremen, Duchy -
- Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Duchess regnant of Bremen (1648–1654)
- Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Duke of Bremen (1654–1660)
- Verden, Principality -
- Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Princess regnant of Verden (1648–1654)
- Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Prince of Verden (1654–1660)
- Bremen, Duchy -
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Parma - Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma (1646–1694)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Portugal - John IV, King of Portugal (1640–1656)
- Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
- Sweden -
- Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Charles X Gustav, King of Sweden (1654–1660)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1654
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“Positively I sit here, and look at Europe sink, first one deck disappearing, then another, and the whole ship slowly plunging bow-down into the abyss; until the nightmare gets to be howling. The Roman Empire was a trifle to it.”
—Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918)
“We go to Europe to be Americanized.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
—Prince Metternich (1773–1859)