Europe
- Crimea - İslâm III Giray, Khan of Crimea (1644–1654)
- Cossack Republic - Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman (1648–1657)
- England - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Qasim Khanate - Sayed Borhan, Qasim Khan (1627–1679)
- Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1652
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“No human being can tell what the Russians are going to do next, and I think the Japanese actions will depend much on what Russia decides to do both in Europe and the Far East—especially in Europe.”
—Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)
“Should the German people lay down their arms, the Soviets ... would occupy all eastern and south-eastern Europe together with the greater part of the Reich. Over all this territory, which with the Soviet Union included, would be of enormous extent, an iron curtain would at once descend.”
—Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945)
“I herewith commission you to carry out all preparations with regard to ... a total solution of the Jewish question in those territories of Europe which are under German influence.... I furthermore charge you to submit to me as soon as possible a draft showing the ... measures already taken for the execution of the intended final solution of the Jewish question.”
—Hermann Goering (1893–1946)