Europe
- Crimea - İslâm III Giray, Khan of Crimea (1644–1654)
- Cossack Republic - Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman (1648–1657)
- England - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Qasim Khanate - Sayed Borhan, Qasim Khan (1627–1679)
- Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1652
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“All the terrors of the French Republic, which held Austria in awe, were unable to command her diplomacy. But Napoleon sent to Vienna M. de Narbonne, one of the old noblesse, with the morals, manners, and name of that interest, saying, that it was indispensable to send to the old aristocracy of Europe men of the same connection, which, in fact, constitutes a sort of free- masonry. M. de Narbonne, in less than a fortnight, penetrated all the secrets of the imperial cabinet.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“The people of Western Europe are facing this summer a series of tragic dilemmas. Of the hopes that dazzled the last twenty years that some political movement might tend to the betterment of the human lot, little remains above ground but the tattered slogans of the past.”
—John Dos Passos (1896–1970)
“When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
—Prince Metternich (1773–1859)