Europe
- Crimea - İslâm III Giray, Khan of Crimea (1644–1654)
- Cossack Republic - Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman (1648–1657)
- England - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Qasim Khanate - Sayed Borhan, Qasim Khan (1627–1679)
- Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1652
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“Television is an excellent system when one has nothing to lose, as is the case with a nomadic and rootless country like the United States, but in Europe the affect of television is that of a bulldozer which reduces culture to the lowest possible denominator.”
—Marc Fumaroli (b. 1932)
“We go to Europe to be Americanized.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“In times like ours, where the growing complexity of life leaves us barely the time to read the newspapers, where the map of Europe has endured profound rearrangements and is perhaps on the brink of enduring yet others, where so many threatening and new problems appear everywhere, you will admit it may be demanded of a writer that he be more than a fine wit who makes us forget in idle and byzantine discussions on the merits of pure form ...”
—Marcel Proust (1871–1922)