Europe
- Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway(1648–1670)
- England - Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector (1649–1658), - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
- France
- Monarch - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Regent - Anne of Austria, Regent of France (1643–1651)
- Papal States - Pope Innocent X, Bishop of Rome (1644–1655)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Bavaria - Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1597–1651)
- Brandenburg - Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
- Brunswick-Celle - Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Celle (1648–1665)
- Brunswick-Kalenberg - George William, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg (1648–1665)
- Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
- Cologne -
- Ferdinand, Elector of Cologne (1612–1650)
- Maximilian Henry, Elector of Cologne (1650–1688)
- Mainz - Johann Philipp, Elector of Mainz (1647–1673)
- Trier - Philipp Christoph, Elector of Trier (1623–1652)
- Electorate of the Palatinate - Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1648–1680)
- Saxony - John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611–1656)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Poland - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Russia - Alexis, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Scotland - Charles II, King of Scots (1649–1651)
- Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
- Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Principality of Transylvania - George II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania (1648–1657)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1650
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“Can we never extract this tape-worm of Europe from the brain of our countrymen?”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“We go to Europe to be Americanized.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“In Europe an actor is an artist. In Hollywood, if he isn’t working, he’s a bum.”
—Anthony Quinn (b. 1915)