List of State Leaders in 1650 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway(1648–1670)
  • England - Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector (1649–1658), - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
  • France
    • Monarch - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
    • Regent - Anne of Austria, Regent of France (1643–1651)
  • Papal States - Pope Innocent X, Bishop of Rome (1644–1655)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Bavaria - Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1597–1651)
    • Brandenburg - Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
    • Brunswick-Celle - Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Celle (1648–1665)
    • Brunswick-Kalenberg - George William, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg (1648–1665)
    • Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
    • Cologne -
      1. Ferdinand, Elector of Cologne (1612–1650)
      2. Maximilian Henry, Elector of Cologne (1650–1688)
    • Mainz - Johann Philipp, Elector of Mainz (1647–1673)
    • Trier - Philipp Christoph, Elector of Trier (1623–1652)
    • Electorate of the Palatinate - Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1648–1680)
    • Saxony - John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611–1656)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Poland - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Russia - Alexis, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Scotland - Charles II, King of Scots (1649–1651)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Principality of Transylvania - George II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania (1648–1657)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)

Read more about this topic:  List Of State Leaders In 1650

Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “The American is said to become full-flavored, and in time a most all-round man, through the polish which Europe can impart.”
    —M. E. W. Sherwood (1826–1903)

    “You can always tell a Midwestern couple in Europe because they will be standing in the middle of a busy intersection looking at a wind-blown map and arguing over which way is west. European cities, with their wandering streets and undisciplined alleys, drive Midwesterners practically insane.”
    —Bill Bryson (b. 1951)

    “The heritage of the American Revolution is forgotten, and the American government, for better and for worse, has entered into the heritage of Europe as though it were its patrimony—unaware, alas, of the fact that Europe’s declining power was preceded and accompanied by political bankruptcy, the bankruptcy of the nation-state and its concept of sovereignty.”
    —Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)