Europe
- Kingdom of Denmark and Norway - Christian III (1534–1559)
- Duchy of Schleswig - Adolphus (1544–1586), Christian III (1523–1559), and John II (1544–1580) in condominial rule
- Kingdom of England - Edward VI (1547–1553)
- Kingdom of France - Henry II (1547–1559)
- Holy Roman Empire - Charles V (1519–1556)
- Duchy of Holstein - Adolphus (1544–1586), Christian III (1523–1559), and John II (1544–1580) in condominial rule
- Hungary -
- Royal Hungary - Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
- Eastern Hungarian Kingdom - John II Sigismund Zápolya (1540–1571)
- Kingdom of Navarre - Henry II d'Albret (1516–1555)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire - Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566)
- Papal States - Pope Paul III (1534–1549)
- Kingdom of Poland - Sigismund II (1548–1572)
- Kingdom of Portugal - John III the Pious (1521–1557)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow - Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow (1533–1547) then Tsar of Russia (1547–1584)
- Duchy of Savoy - Charles III (1504–1553)
- Kingdom of Scotland - Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1567)
- Kingdom of Spain - Charles I (1516–1556)
- Kingdom of Sweden - Gustav I Vasa (1521–1560)
- Republic of Venice - Francesco Donato, Doge of Venice (1545–1553)
- Principality of Wallachia - Mircea the Shepherd, Voivode of Wallachia (1545–1552)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1549
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“In Europe the object is to make the most of their land, labour being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labour, land being abundant.”
—Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)
“In times like ours, where the growing complexity of life leaves us barely the time to read the newspapers, where the map of Europe has endured profound rearrangements and is perhaps on the brink of enduring yet others, where so many threatening and new problems appear everywhere, you will admit it may be demanded of a writer that he be more than a fine wit who makes us forget in idle and byzantine discussions on the merits of pure form ...”
—Marcel Proust (1871–1922)
“You can always tell a Midwestern couple in Europe because they will be standing in the middle of a busy intersection looking at a wind-blown map and arguing over which way is west. European cities, with their wandering streets and undisciplined alleys, drive Midwesterners practically insane.”
—Bill Bryson (b. 1951)