Europe
- Khanate of Astrakhan - Qasim II of Astrakhan (1504–1532)
- Khanate of Crimea - Saadet I Giray (1524–1532)
- Denmark–Norway - Frederick I (1523–1533)
- Duchy of Schleswig - Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
- Kingdom of England - Henry VIII (1509–1547)
- Kingdom of France - Francis I (1515–1547)
- Holy Roman Empire - Charles V (1519–1556)
- Duchy of Holstein - Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
- Duchy of Mantua - Federico II (1500–1540)
- Duchy of Milan - Francesco II Sforza (1525–1535)
- Duchy of Savoy - Charles III (1504–1553)
- Malta - Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (began rule of Malta in 1530)
- Duchy of Naxos - John IV Crispo (1517–1564)
- Polish–Lithuanian union - Sigismund the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (1506–1548)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire - Süleyman I, the Magnificent (1520–1566)
- Kingdom of Portugal - John III (1521–1557)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow - Vasili III (1505–1533)
- Kingdom of Scotland - James V (1513–1542)
- Kingdom of Spain - Charles I (1516–1556)
- Kingdom of Sweden - Gustav I Vasa (1521–1560)
- Republic of Venice - Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (1523–1538)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1531
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“The people of Western Europe are facing this summer a series of tragic dilemmas. Of the hopes that dazzled the last twenty years that some political movement might tend to the betterment of the human lot, little remains above ground but the tattered slogans of the past.”
—John Dos Passos (1896–1970)
“riding flatcars to Fresno,
Across the whole country
Steep towns, flat towns, even New York,
And oceans and Europe & libraries & galleries
And the factories they make rubbers in”
—Gary Snyder (b. 1930)
“What passes for identity in America is a series of myths about one’s heroic ancestors. It’s astounding to me, for example, that so many people really seem to believe that the country was founded by a band of heroes who wanted to be free. That happens not to be true. What happened was that some people left Europe because they couldn’t stay there any longer and had to go someplace else to make it. They were hungry, they were poor, they were convicts.”
—James Baldwin (1924–1987)