List of State Leaders in 1531 - Europe

Europe

  • Khanate of Astrakhan - Qasim II of Astrakhan (1504–1532)
  • Khanate of Crimea - Saadet I Giray (1524–1532)
  • Denmark–Norway - Frederick I (1523–1533)
    • Duchy of Schleswig - Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
  • Kingdom of England - Henry VIII (1509–1547)
  • Kingdom of France - Francis I (1515–1547)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Charles V (1519–1556)
    • Duchy of Holstein - Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
    • Duchy of Mantua - Federico II (1500–1540)
    • Duchy of Milan - Francesco II Sforza (1525–1535)
    • Duchy of Savoy - Charles III (1504–1553)
  • Malta - Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (began rule of Malta in 1530)
  • Duchy of Naxos - John IV Crispo (1517–1564)
  • Polish–Lithuanian union - Sigismund the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (1506–1548)
  • Ottoman (Turkish) Empire - Süleyman I, the Magnificent (1520–1566)
  • Kingdom of Portugal - John III (1521–1557)
  • Grand Duchy of Moscow - Vasili III (1505–1533)
  • Kingdom of Scotland - James V (1513–1542)
  • Kingdom of Spain - Charles I (1516–1556)
  • Kingdom of Sweden - Gustav I Vasa (1521–1560)
  • Republic of Venice - Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (1523–1538)

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    —Bill Bryson (b. 1951)

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