Europe
- Khanate of Astrakhan - Qasim II of Astrakhan (1504–1532)
- Khanate of Crimea - Saadet I Giray (1524–1532)
- Denmark–Norway - Frederick I (1523–1533)
- Duchy of Schleswig - Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
- Kingdom of England - Henry VIII (1509–1547)
- Kingdom of France - Francis I (1515–1547)
- Holy Roman Empire - Charles V (1519–1556)
- Duchy of Holstein - Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
- Duchy of Mantua - Federico II (1500–1540)
- Duchy of Milan - Francesco II Sforza (1525–1535)
- Duchy of Savoy - Charles III (1504–1553)
- Malta - Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (began rule of Malta in 1530)
- Duchy of Naxos - John IV Crispo (1517–1564)
- Polish–Lithuanian union - Sigismund the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (1506–1548)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire - Süleyman I, the Magnificent (1520–1566)
- Kingdom of Portugal - John III (1521–1557)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow - Vasili III (1505–1533)
- Kingdom of Scotland - James V (1513–1542)
- Kingdom of Spain - Charles I (1516–1556)
- Kingdom of Sweden - Gustav I Vasa (1521–1560)
- Republic of Venice - Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (1523–1538)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1531
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“Of one thing I can assure you with comparative certainty, whoever wins, Europe will be economically ruined. This war is America’s great opportunity.”
—John Dos Passos (1896–1970)
“Europe has lived on its contradictions, flourished on its differences, and, constantly transcending itself thereby, has created a civilization on which the whole world depends even when rejecting it. This is why I do not believe in a Europe unified under the weight of an ideology or of a technocracy that overlooked these differences.”
—Albert Camus (1913–1960)
“Can we never extract this tape-worm of Europe from the brain of our countrymen?”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)