Laureates
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | Ragnar Frisch | Norway | "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes" | |
Jan Tinbergen | Netherlands | |||
1970 | Paul Samuelson | United States | "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" | |
1971 | Simon Kuznets | United States | "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development" | |
1972 | John Hicks | United Kingdom | "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory." | |
Kenneth Arrow | United States | |||
1973 | Wassily Leontief | United States | "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems" | |
1974 | Gunnar Myrdal | Sweden | "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." | |
Friedrich Hayek | United Kingdom / Austria | |||
1975 | Leonid Kantorovich | Soviet Union | "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources" | |
Tjalling Koopmans | United States | |||
1976 | Milton Friedman | United States | "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy" | |
1977 | Bertil Ohlin | Sweden | "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements" | |
James Meade | United Kingdom | |||
1978 | Herbert A. Simon | United States | "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" | |
1979 | Theodore Schultz | United States | "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries." | |
Arthur Lewis | United Kingdom | |||
1980 | Lawrence Klein | United States | "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies" | |
1981 | James Tobin | United States | "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices" | |
1982 | George Stigler | United States | "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation" | |
1983 | GĂ©rard Debreu | France | "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium" | |
1984 | Richard Stone | United Kingdom | "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis" | |
1985 | Franco Modigliani | Italy | "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets" | |
1986 | James M. Buchanan | United States | "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making" | |
1987 | Robert Solow | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" | |
1988 | Maurice Allais | France | "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources" | |
1989 | Trygve Haavelmo | Norway | "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures" | |
1990 | Harry Markowitz | United States | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" | |
Merton Miller | United States | |||
William Forsyth Sharpe | United States | |||
1991 | Ronald Coase | United Kingdom | "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy" | |
1992 | Gary Becker | United States | "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour" | |
1993 | Robert Fogel | United States | "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change" | |
Douglass North | United States | |||
1994 | John Harsanyi | United States | "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games." | |
John Forbes Nash | United States | |||
Reinhard Selten | Germany | |||
1995 | Robert Lucas, Jr. | United States | "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy" | |
1996 | James Mirrlees | United Kingdom | "for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information" | |
William Vickrey | United States / Canada | |||
1997 | Robert C. Merton | United States | "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives." | |
Myron Scholes | Canada / United States | |||
1998 | Amartya Sen | India | "for his contributions to welfare economics" | |
1999 | Robert Mundell | Canada | "for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas" | |
2000 | James Heckman | United States | "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples" | |
Daniel McFadden | United States | "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice" | ||
2001 | George Akerlof | United States | "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information" | |
Michael Spence | United States | |||
Joseph E. Stiglitz | United States | |||
2002 | Daniel Kahneman | Israel / United States | "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty" | |
Vernon L. Smith | United States | "for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms" | ||
2003 | Robert F. Engle | United States | "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)" | |
Clive Granger | United Kingdom | "for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)" | ||
2004 | Finn E. Kydland | Norway | "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles." | |
Edward C. Prescott | United States | |||
2005 | Robert Aumann | Israel / United States | "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis." | |
Thomas Schelling | United States | |||
2006 | Edmund Phelps | United States | "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy" | |
2007 | Leonid Hurwicz | Poland / United States | "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory" | |
Eric Maskin | United States | |||
Roger Myerson | United States | |||
2008 | Paul Krugman | United States | "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity" | |
2009 | Elinor Ostrom | United States | "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons" | |
Oliver Williamson | United States | "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm" | ||
2010 | Peter A. Diamond | United States | "for their analysis of markets with search frictions" | |
Dale T. Mortensen | United States | |||
Christopher A. Pissarides | Cyprus | |||
2011 | Thomas J. Sargent | United States | "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy" | |
Christopher A. Sims | United States | |||
2012 | Alvin E. Roth | United States | "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design." | |
Lloyd S. Shapley | United States |
Read more about this topic: List Of Nobel Laureates In Economics