Islam
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- Selim III "Cilhandar", "Ilhami", Caliph (1789–1807)
- Mustafa IV, Caliph (1807–1808)
- Mahmut II "Adlî", Caliph (1808–1839)
- Abdülmecit I "Gazi", Caliph (1839–1861)
- Abdülaziz I, Caliph (1861–1876)
- Murat V, Caliph (1876–1876)
- Abdülhamit II, Caliph (1876–1909)
- Isma`ilia –
- Aga Khan I, Imam (1818–1881)
- Aga Khan II, Imam (1881–1885)
- Aga Khan III, Imam (1885–1957)
- Dawoodi Bohra –
- Syedna Abdeali Saifuddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1799–1817)
- Syedna Mohammed Izzuddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1817–1821)
- Syedna Taiyeb Zainuddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1821–1836)
- Syedna Mohammed Badruddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1836–1840)
- Syedna Abdulqadir Najmuddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1840–1885)
- Syedna Abdul Husain Husamuddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1885–1891)
- Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, Dai al-Mutlaq Leader (1891–1905)
- Ahmadiyya –
- Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1889–1908)
Read more about this topic: List Of 19th-century Religious Leaders
Famous quotes containing the word islam:
“The exact objectives of Islam Inc. are obscure. Needless to say everyone involved has a different angle, and they all intend to cross each other up somewhere along the line.”
—William Burroughs (b. 1914)
“Sooner or later we must absorb Islam if our own culture is not to die of anemia.”
—Basil Bunting (1900–1985)
“Awareness of the stars and their light pervades the Koran, which reflects the brightness of the heavenly bodies in many verses. The blossoming of mathematics and astronomy was a natural consequence of this awareness. Understanding the cosmos and the movements of the stars means understanding the marvels created by Allah. There would be no persecuted Galileo in Islam, because Islam, unlike Christianity, did not force people to believe in a “fixed” heaven.”
—Fatima Mernissi, Moroccan sociologist. Islam and Democracy, ch. 9, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. (Trans. 1992)