History
Kempe chains were first used by Alfred Kempe in his attempted proof of the four colour theorem. Even though his proof turned out to be incorrect, the method of Kempe chains is crucial to the successful modern proofs (Appel & Haken, Robertson et al., etc.). Furthermore, the method is used in the proof of the five-colour theorem, a weaker form of the four-colour theorem.
Read more about this topic: Kempe Chain
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—Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)