Jewish Agricultural Colonies in The Russian Empire

Jewish agricultural colonies in the Russian Empire were first established in Kherson Governorate in 1806. The Ukase of December 9, 1804 allowed Jews for the first time in Russia to purchase land for farming settlements (Koloniya). Jews were provided exemption from military service, tax abatements, and reduced land prices as incentives. It was initially an attempt to demote Jews from their mechshanin or kupets ("urban commoner" or "merchant") sosloviye (social group) inherited from the Polish Partitions to the lower-ranking Krestyane (peasant-agricultural) class. Other colonies in New Russia and Western Krai followed. In 1835 an abortive attempt to establish Jewish colonies in Siberia was made. Another major colonization was initiated in Yekaterinoslav Governorate in 1846. In 1858, 18 Jewish agricultural colonies were registered in Podolia Governorate, involving over 1,100 families. One of the largest and most successful was Staro Zakrevsky Meidan. By 1900 there were about 100,000 Jewish colonists throughout Russia.

In early 1890s an English writer Arnold White visited the Kherson colonies to investigate the status of Russian Jews by commission from Baron Hirsch. He noted that colonies grew due to natural population increase since the inception despite hardships and after 80 years there was not enough land. He also made a note that Jewish women were not permitted to do field work.

Jewish agricultural colonies became more successful than the Russian government initially expected. Some Jewish agricultural colonies turned into full-fledged Jewish shtetls with thriving merchant businesses not related to the agricultural activities originally chartered. Other Koloniya became the centers for new cash crops such as sugar beets, winter wheat, sunflowers, which particularly made Ukraine the breadbasket for all of Europe. The sugar beet industry produced more sugar for Europe's insatiable sweet tooth than any other source, until tropical sugar cane crops took over in the 20th century. The Russian sugar beet industry was controlled by Jewish families associated with the Jewish agricultural colonies, such as the wealthy Brodsky family, financial magnates based in Kiev.

Jewish agricultural colonies became models for communal agricultural efforts worldwide. Karl Marx cited the Koloniya as examples of workers taking control and lifting themselves up through hard work. Jewish Zionists in the early 20th century used Koloniya as models for Kibbutzim in Israel, particularly in the Second Aliyah after 1904. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolshevik government carried out collectivization efforts during 1920-1938, see Komzet and OZET articles. Many Koloniyas were turned into kolkhozes during this period.