Stable Isotope Geochemistry
For most stable isotopes, the magnitude of fractionation from kinetic and equilibrium fractionation is very small; for this reason, enrichments are typically reported in "per mil" (‰, parts per thousand). These enrichments (δ) represent the ratio of heavy isotope to light isotope in the sample over the ratio of a standard. That is,
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“You mustn’t look in my novel for the old stable ego of the character. There is another ego, according to whose action the individual is unrecognisable.”
—D.H. (David Herbert)
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