History
Inter-racial and religious confidence circles (IRCCs), then known as "inter-racial confidence circles", were first formed in 2002 in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, and the arrest in December 2001 of 15 Jemaah Islamiyah members in Singapore who planned to bomb diplomatic missions and attack nationals of Australia, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States based in Singapore. The then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong mooted the concept of IRCCs for constituencies and "harmony circles" (HCs) for schools, work places and other local organizations in January 2002 in order to "grow the common space and deepen inter-racial understanding".
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