Chemically and Enzymatically Modified Insulins
Before biosynthetic human recombinant analogues were available, porcine insulin was chemically converted into human insulin. Chemical modifications of the amino acid side chains at the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus were made in order to alter the ADME characteristics of the analogue. Novo Nordisk was able to enzymatically convert porcine insulin into 'human' insulin by removing the single amino acid that varies from the human variety, and chemically adding the correct one.
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