Relationships To Similar Theories
Johnson indicates that his analysis of out drew upon a doctoral dissertation by Susan Lindner in linguistics at Berkeley, and more generally by the theory of cognitive grammar put forth by Ronald Langacker (Langacker 1987). For the force group of image schemas Johnson also drew on an early version of the force dynamic schemas put forth by Len Talmy, as used by linguists such as Eve Sweetser. Other influences include Wertheimer's gestalt structure theory and Kant's account of schemas in categorization, as well as studies in experimental psychology on the mental rotation of images.
In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms as well.
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