IEEE 802.2 - LLC Header

LLC Header

The 802.2 header includes two eight-bit address fields, called service access points or SAPs in OSI terminology; they are the destination SAP (DSAP), and the source SAP (SSAP). The low-order bit of the DSAP indicates whether it contains an individual or a group address. If the low-order bit is 0, the remaining 7 bits of the DSAP specify an individual address, which refers to a single local service access point (LSAP) to which the packet should be delivered. If the low-order bit is 1, the remaining 7 bits of the DSAP specify a group address, which refers to a group of LSAPs to which the packet should be delivered. The low-order bit of the SSAP indicates whether the packet is a command or response packet; if it's 0, the packet is a command packet, and if it's 1, the packet is a response packet. The remaining 7 bits of the SSAP specify the LSAP from which the packet was transmitted.

Some protocols, or families of protocols, have one or more SAPs assigned to them; for example, IPv4 has a SAP value of hex 06. Those protocols operate directly on top of 802.2 LLC, which provides both datagram and connection-oriented network services.

The Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) can be used with IEEE 802.2; it allows EtherType values to be used with all IEEE 802 protocols, as well as supporting private protocol ID spaces. When both the DSAP and the SSAP are set to the hexadecimal value 0xAA (or 0xAB, if the low-order bit of the field is set), the SNAP service is requested.

Most IEEE 802 protocols, as well as FDDI, always use 802.2. IEEE 802.3 is an exception; Ethernet originally used Ethernet II framing, with a 2-octet type field containing an EtherType value, and no 802.2 header, but the original IEEE 802.3 specification used a framing wherein the 2-octet field following the 6-octet destination and source MAC addresses contained a frame length, with an 802.2 LLC header following the length field. In IEEE 802.3x-1997, the IEEE Ethernet standard was changed to explicitly allow the use of the 16-bit field after the MAC addresses to be used as a length field or a type field.

There exists an Internet standard, RFC 1042, for encapsulating IP version 4 traffic in IEEE 802.2 frames with LLC/SNAP headers. It is almost never implemented on Ethernet, although it is used on FDDI and on token ring, IEEE 802.11, and other IEEE 802 networks.

IP traffic can not be encapsulated in IEEE 802.2 LLC frames without SNAP because, although there is an LLC protocol type for IP, there is no LLC protocol type for ARP. IP Version 6 can also be transmitted over Ethernet using IEEE 802.2 with LLC/SNAP, but, again, that's almost never used (although LLC/SNAP encapsulation of IPv6 is used on IEEE 802 networks).

Following the destination and source SAP fields is a control field. IEEE 802.2 was conceptually derived from HDLC, and has the same three types of PDUs:

  • Unnumbered format PDUs, or U-format PDUs, with an 8-bit control field, which are intended for connectionless applications;
  • Information transfer format PDUs, or I-format PDUs, with a 16-bit control and sequence numbering field, which are intended to be used in connection-oriented applications;
  • Supervisory format PDUs, or S-format PDUs, with a 16-bit control field, which are intended to be used for supervisory functions at the LLC (Logical Link Control) layer.

Of these three formats, only the U-format is commonly used. The format of a PDU frame is identified by the lower two bits of the first byte of the control field.

Read more about this topic:  IEEE 802.2