Classical Latin Period
An attempt by the emperor Claudius to introduce three additional letters was short-lived, but after the conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC the letters Y and Z were, respectively, adopted and readopted from the Greek alphabet and placed at the end. Now the new Latin alphabet contained 23 letters:
| Letter | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | L | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | ā | bē | cē | dē | ē | ef | gē | hā | ī | kā | el | em |
| Pronunciation (IPA) | /aː/ | /beː/ | /keː/ | /deː/ | /eː/ | /ef/ | /ɡeː/ | /haː/ | /iː/ | /kaː/ | /el/ | /em/ |
| Letter | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | V | X | Y | Z | |
| Name | en | ō | pē | qū | er | es | tē | ū | ex | ī Graeca | zēta | |
| Pronunciation (IPA) | /en/ | /oː/ | /peː/ | /kuː/ | /er/ | /es/ | /teː/ | /uː/ | /eks/ | /iː ˈɡraika/ | /ˈzeːta/ | |
The Latin names of some of the letters are disputed. In general, however, the Romans did not use the traditional (Semitic-derived) names as in Greek, but adopted the simplified names of the Etruscans, which derived from saying the sounds of the letters: the vowels stood for themselves, the names of the stop consonant letters were formed by adding the neutral vowel e, which in Latin became /eː/ (except for K and Q, which were distinguished from C by appending the vowel which followed them in Etruscan orthography), and the names of the continuant consonants were formed by preceded the sound with /e/. X was named /eks/ rather than /kseː/, as /ks/ could not begin a word in Latin (and possibly Etruscan). When the letter Y was introduced into Latin, it was probably called hy /hyː/ as in Greek (the name upsilon being not yet in use), but was changed to i Graeca ("Greek i") as Latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing the sounds /i/ and /y/. Z was given its Greek name, zeta, when it was borrowed. For the Latin sounds represented by the various letters see Latin spelling and pronunciation; for the names of the letters in English see English alphabet and for the sounds in English see English phonetics.
Roman cursive script, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even by emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly used from about the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD, but it probably existed earlier than that.
Read more about this topic: History Of The Latin Alphabet
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