1932 Revision
A second round of expansion, along with a few reassigned letter values, occurred in 1932. This was a major revision, used with little change for over half a century. Some of the changes were already adopted before the 1932 revision, for example ⟨ꜰ, ʋ⟩ were replaced by ⟨ɸ, β⟩ after the Copenhagen Phonetic Conference of 1925 which gathered many notable phoneticians of the time, including Daniel Jones of the IPA. The symbol ⟨ᴚ⟩ was also replaced by ⟨χ⟩ before the 1932 revision.
| Bi-labial | Labio- dental |
Dental and Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palato- alveolar |
Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ɬ ɮ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Non-Fricative | l | ɭ | ʎ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rolled | r | ʀ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Flapped | ɾ | ɽ | ʀ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ɹ | ʂ ʐ | ʃ ʒ | ɕ ʑ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Frictionless continuants | w | ɥ | ʋ | ɹ | j (ɥ) | (w) | ʁ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Close | (y ʉ u) | i y | ɨ ʉ | ɯ u | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (ʏ ʊ) | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Half-close | (ø o) | e ø | ɤ o | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ə | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Half-open | (œ ɔ) | ɛ œ | ʌ ɔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| æ | ɐ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Open | (ɒ) | a | ɑ ɒ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
There were other sounds not found on the chart. Some of these had dedicated letters, but most were indicated with diacritics. These were, verbatim (but with added paragraph breaks for legibility),
- Other Sounds.—Palatalized consonants : ƫ, ᶁ, etc.
- Velarized or pharyngealized consonats : ɫ, ᵭ, ᵴ, etc.
- Ejective consonants (plosives with simultaneous glottal stop) : pʼ, tʼ, etc.
- Implosive voiced consonants : ɓ, ɗ, etc.
- ř fricative trill.
- σ, ƍ (labialized θ, ð, or s, z). ƪ, ƺ (labialized ʃ, ʒ).
- ʇ, ʗ, ʖ (clicks, Zulu c, q, x).
- ɺ (a sound between r and l).
- ʍ (voiceless w).
- ɪ, ʏ, ʊ (lowered varieties of i, y, u).
- ɜ (a variety of ə). ɵ (a vowel between ø and o).
- Affricates are normally represented by groups of two consonants (ts, tʃ, dʒ, etc.), but, when necessalry, ligatures are used (ʦ, ʧ, ʤ, etc.), or the marks ͡ or ͜ (t͡s or t͜s, etc.).
- c, ɟ may occasionally be used in place of tʃ, dʒ.
- Aspirated plosives : ph, th, etc.
- Length, Stress, Pitch.— : (full length). ‧ (half length).
- ˈ (stress, placed at the beginning of the stressed syllable). ˌ (secondary stress).
- ˉ (high level pitch) ; ˍ (low level) ; ˊ (high rising) ; ˏ (low rising) ; ˋ (high falling); ˎ (low falling) ; ˆ (rise-fall) ; ˇ (fall-rise).
- Modifiers.— ˜ nasality.
- ˳ (l̥ breathed l). ˬ voice (s̬ = z). ʻ slight aspiration following p, t, etc.
- ̣ specially close vowel (ẹ = a very close e). ̨ specially open vowel (ę = a rather open e).
- ̫ labialization (n̫ = labialized n). ̪ dental articulation (t̪ = dental t). ̇ palatalization (ż = ᶎ).
- ˔ tongue slightly raised (e˔ or e̝ = ẹ). ˕ tongue slightly lowered (e˕ or e̞ = ę).
- ˒ lips more rounded. ˓ lips more spread.
- Central vowels : ï (= ɨ), ü (= ʉ), ë (= ə˔), ö (= ɵ), ɛ̈, ɔ̈.
- ˌ (e.g. n̩) syllabic consonant. ˘ consonantal vowel.
- ʃˢ variety of ʃ resembling s, etc.
Read more about this topic: History Of The International Phonetic Alphabet