History of The International Phonetic Alphabet - 1900 Expansion

1900 Expansion

Pre-1912 chart (split for image quality). The "bronchials" may have been pharyngeals.

During the 1890s, the alphabet was expanded to cover sounds of Arabic and other non-European languages which did not easily fit the Latin alphabet. These additions were published together in 1900, along with a few revisions, such as ⟨ɲ⟩ and ⟨ŋ⟩ for ⟨ɴ⟩, and ⟨ʃ⟩ for ⟨c⟩, which was reassigned. For the first time the glyphs were organized into a chart according to their articulation. Vowels and consonants were placed in a single chart, reflecting how sounds ranged in openness from stops (top) to open vowels (bottom).

Chart from 1908

		Bron- chiales	Laryn- gales	Uvulaires	Vélaires	Palatales	Linguales		Labiales
C O N S O N N E S	Plosives		ˀ	q ɢ	k ɡ	c ɟ	t d		p b
	Nasales				ŋ	ɲ	n		m
	Latérales				ɫ	ʎ	l
	Roulées			ᴙ ʀ			r
	Fricatives	ʜ	h ɦ	ᴚ ʁ	(ʍ w) x ǥ	(ɥ) ç j	ʃ ʒ ɹ	s z θ ð	f v	ꜰ ʋ ʍ w ɥ
V O Y E L L E S	Fermées Mi-fermées Moyennes Mi-ouvertes Ouvertes				u ɯ ü ï y i ʊ ʏ ɩ o ö ë ø e ə ɔ ʌ ɔ̈ ä œ ɛ ɐ æ ɑ a				(u ü y) (o ö ø) (ɔ ɔ̈ œ)

As of 1908:

Tense and lax vowels were distinguished with an acute vs grave accent, so English ⟨fíːt fìt⟩ feet, fit.

Retroflex consonants were written ⟨ṭ ḍ ṣ ṇ⟩ etc., as in Indology; this also applied to rhotic vowels, as in English ⟨ɑ̣⟩ ar. Arabic emphatic consonants were ⟨s̤ t̤⟩ etc. More or less rounded, raised, lowered, advanced, and retracted vowels were marked ⟨a˒ a˓ e˔ e˕ a ̘ a ̙⟩ etc.; the diacritic would not move under the letter for some time yet, and the latter two would later be coopted for advanced and retracted tongue root.

⟨ɑ̃ ɛː r̬ r̥ kʼ ŭ n̩⟩ etc. had their modern values, though ejective affricates were written ⟨tʼs⟩, and voiceless ('whispered') vowels were ⟨u̦ i̦⟩ etc. As today, a superscript letter indicated a partial quality, as in ⟨ʃˢ⟩; palatal was written ⟨sⁱ⟩, as the ⟨ʲ⟩ convention was not yet pervasive. This was extended to ⟨pᵇ tᵈ kᶢ⟩ etc. for tenuis consonants, if plain ⟨p t k⟩ would be understood to be aspirated.

Tonal transcription was still provisional at this stage, and tended to vary from one language to another. Swedish "intonation" was written ⟨ˊ⟩ and ⟨ˇ⟩ before the syllable, as in the 1932 revision, and Chinese tone was marked a sloped line before the syllable, equivalent to modern tone letters without the vertical bar, though tone letters are now written after the syllable.