Classes of HDACs in Higher Eukaryotes
HDACs, are classified in four classes depending on sequence identity and domain organization:
| Class | Members | Catalytic sites | Subcellular localization | Tissue distribution | Substrates | Binding partners | Knockout phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | HDAC1 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous | Androgen receptor, SHP, p53, MyoD, E2F1, STAT3 | – | embryonic lethal, increased histone acetylation, increase in p21 and p27 |
| HDAC2 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous | Glucocorticoid receptor, YY1, BCL6, STAT3 | – | Cardiac defect | |
| HDAC3 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous | SHP, YY1, GATA1, RELA, STAT3, MEF2D | – | – | |
| HDAC8 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous? | – | EST1B | – | |
| IIA | HDAC4 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | heart, skeletal muscle, brain | GCMA, GATA1, HP1 | RFXANK | Defects in chondrocyte differentiation |
| HDAC5 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | heart, skeletal muscle, brain | GCMA, SMAD7, HP1 | REA, estrogen receptor | Cardiac defect | |
| HDAC7 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm / mitochondria | heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, placenta | PLAG1, PLAG2 | HIF1A, BCL6, endothelin receptor, ACTN1, ACTN4, androgen receptor, Tip60 | Maintenance of vascular integrity, increase in MMP10 | |
| HDAC9 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | brain, skeletal muscle | – | FOXP3 | Cardiac defect | |
| IIB | HDAC6 | 2 | Mostly cytoplasm | heart, liver, kidney, placenta | α-Tubulin, HSP90, SHP, SMAD7 | RUNX2 | – |
| HDAC10 | 1 | Mostly cytoplasm | liver, spleen, kidney | – | – | – | |
| III | sirtuins in mammals (SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6, SIRT7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sir2 in the yeast S. cerevisiae | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| IV | HDAC11 | 2 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney | – | – | – |
HDAC (except class III) contain zinc and are known as Zn-dependent histone deacetylases.
Read more about this topic: Histone Deacetylase
Famous quotes containing the words classes and/or higher:
“Between richer and poorer classes in a free country a mutually respecting antagonism is much healthier than pity on the one hand and dependence on the other, as is, perhaps, the next best thing to fraternal feeling.”
—Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929)
“Many, no doubt, are well disposed, but sluggish by constitution and habit, and they cannot conceive of a man who is actuated by higher motives than they are. Accordingly they pronounce this man insane, for they know that they could never act as he does, as long as they are themselves.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)