Grzegorczyk Hierarchy - Properties

Properties

These sets clearly form the hierarchy

because they are closures over the 's and .

They are strict subsets (Rose 1984; Gakwaya 1997). In other words

because the hyper operation is in but not in .

  • includes functions such as x+1, x+2, ...
  • provides all addition functions, such as x+y, 4x, ...
  • provides all multiplication functions, such as xy, x4
  • provides all exponentiation functions, such as xy, 222x, and is exactly the elementary recursive functions.
  • provides all tetration functions, and so on.

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    A drop of water has the properties of the sea, but cannot exhibit a storm. There is beauty of a concert, as well as of a flute; strength of a host, as well as of a hero.
    Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)

    The reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property; and the end why they choose and authorize a legislative, is, that there may be laws made, and rules set, as guards and fences to the properties of all the members of the society: to limit the power, and moderate the dominion, of every part and member of the society.
    John Locke (1632–1704)