South American Invasions of North America Exclusive of Central America
Extant or extinct (†) North American taxa whose ancestors migrated out of South America:
- Cichlids (Cichlidae: e.g. Herichthys cyanoguttatus) – freshwater fish that often tolerate brackish conditions
- Bufonid toads (Bufo)
- Hylid frogs
- Leptodactylid frogs – as far north as Texas
- Microhylid frogs
- Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
- Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus, †D. bellus)
- †Pachyarmatherium leiseyi, an enigmatic armored armadillo relative
- †Pampatheres (Plaina, Holmesina) – large armadillo-like animals
- †Glyptodontids (Glyptotherium)
- †Megalonychid ground sloths (Pliometanastes, Megalonyx)
- †Mylodontid ground sloths (Thinobadistes, Glossotherium, Paramylodon)
- †Megatheriid ground sloths (Eremotherium, Nothrotheriops)
- New World porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum, †Erethizon poyeri, †E. kleini)
- Capybaras (†Neochoerus pinckneyi, †N. aesopi)
- Vampire bats (†Desmodus stocki, †D. archaeodaptes)
- Cougar (Puma concolor) – returning from a South American refugium after North American cougars were extirpated in the Pleistocene extinctions
- †Terror birds (Phorusrhacidae: Titanis walleri)
- Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
- Tanagers (Thraupidae) – descended from earlier (perhaps Miocene) North American migrants
- Tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
- Parrots (Arini: Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, †Conuropsis carolinensis)
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Dasypus novemcinctus
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†Glyptotherium
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The sloth †Eremotherium
Read more about this topic: Great American Interchange
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