Glossary of Communication Disorder Terms - A

A

Acoustic neuroma

tumor, usually benign, which may develop on the hearing and balance nerves and can cause gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or dizziness. (sometimes called vestibular schwannoma). Also see Neurofibromatosis Type 2.

Acquired deafness

loss of hearing that occurs or develops some time during the lifespan but is not present at birth.

Ageusia

loss of the sense of taste.

Alport syndrome

hereditary condition characterized by kidney disease, sensorineural hearing loss, and sometimes eye defects.

American Sign Language (ASL)

manual language with its own syntax and grammar, used primarily by people who are deaf.

Aphasia

total or partial loss of the ability to use or understand language; usually caused by stroke, brain disease, or injury.

Aphonia

complete loss of voice.

Apraxia

inability to execute a voluntary movement despite being able to demonstrate normal muscle function.

Articulation disorder

inability to correctly produce speech sounds (phonemes) because of imprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed, or flow of movement of the lips, tongue, or throat.

Assistive devices

technical tools and devices such as alphabet boards, text telephones, or text-to-speech conversion software used to aid individuals who have communication disorders perform actions, tasks, and activities.

Audiologist

health care professional who is trained to evaluate hearing loss and related disorders, including balance (vestibular) disorders and tinnitus, and to rehabilitate individuals with hearing loss and related disorders. An audiologist uses a variety of tests and procedures to assess hearing and balance function and to fit and dispense hearing aids and other assistive devices for hearing.

Auditory Brainstem Response test (ABR test)

a test for brain functioning in comatose, unresponsive, etc., patients, and for hearing in infants and young children; involves attaching electrodes to the head to record electrical activity from the hearing nerve and other parts of the brain.

Auditory nerve

eighth cranial nerve that connects the inner ear to the brainstem and is responsible for hearing and balance.

Auditory perception

ability to identify, interpret, and attach meaning to sound.

Auditory prosthesis

device that substitutes or enhances the ability to hear.

Augmentative devices

tools that help individuals with limited or absent speech to communicate, such as communication boards, pictographs (symbols that look like the things they represent), or ideographs (symbols representing ideas).

Aural rehabilitation

techniques used with people who are hearing impaired to improve their ability to speak and communicate.

Autoimmune deafness

individual's immune system produces abnormal antibodies that react against the body's healthy tissues.

Autism

can refer to autistic disorder a psychiatric syndrome featuring restricted and repetitive behaviors, and impaired social interaction and communication; or the group of syndromes to which autistic disorder belongs - the autism spectrum disorders.