Class 4 (indirect or 'inversion' Verbs)
- This class of verb is known as indirect or 'inverted' as it marks the logical subject with the indirect object marker set (m- set) and the direct object with the subject marker set (v- set). Nouns are declined in agreement: the logical subject is in the dative, and object in the nominative (or sometimes genitive, as in gogo-s (dat.) dzaghl-is (gen.) e-shin-i-a - the girl is afraid of the dog).
- Verbs in this class denote feelings, sensations and endurant states of being (see also stative verbs), including verbs such as q'av - to have (X, animate), kv - to have (X, inanimate) q'var - to love and nd - to want.
- Class 4 verbs also include 'desideratives' (verbs of desiring), created using the circumfix e- --- -eb (compare tsek'v-av-s 'he dances' and e-tsek'v-eb-a 'he feels like dancing').
The verb paradigm follows. For simplicity, the verb form always assumes a 3rd person singular object:
Verb root
q'var - to love
Present subseries
The verb takes the 'subjective' versioniser i- in the 1st and 2nd persons, 'objective' u- in the 3rd person. Note the ending of the 2nd and 3rd person plural (subject) marker -t takes precedence over the 3rd person singular (object) marker -s:
| Present indicative | Imperfect | Present subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | m-i-q'var-s | m-i-q'var-d-a | m-i-q'var-d-e-s |
| 2s | g-i-q'var-s | g-i-q'var-d-a | g-i-q'var-d-e-s |
| 3s | u-q'var-s | u-q'var-d-a | u-q'var-d-e-s |
| 1pl | gv-i-q'var-s | gv-i-q'var-d-a | gv-i-q'var-d-e-s |
| 2pl | g-i-q'var-t | g-i-q'var-d-a-t | g-i-q'var-d-e-t |
| 3pl | u-q'var-t | u-q'var-d-a-t | u-q'var-d-e-t |
Future subseries
Here the verb forms its screeves by using a pre-radical vowel e-, and the thematic suffix -eb, in a way similar to the class 2 verbs (but without the preverb):
| Future indicative | Conditional | Future subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | m-e-q'var-eb-a | m-e-q'var-eb-od-a | m-e-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 2s | g-e-q'var-eb-a | g-e-q'var-eb-od-a | g-e-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 3s | e-q'var-eb-a | e-q'var-eb-od-a | e-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 1pl | gv-e-q'var-eb-a | gv-e-q'var-eb-od-a | gv-e-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 2pl | g-e-q'var-eb-a-t | g-e-q'var-eb-od-a-t | g-e-q'var-eb-od-e-t |
| 3pl | e-q'var-eb-a-t | e-q'var-eb-od-a-t | e-q'var-eb-od-e-t |
Aorist series
Since the verb does not have an aorist form, and uses the imperfect instead (as many other class 4 verbs), the aorist forms of shegiq'vardeba 'you'll fall in love with X' are substituted:
| Aorist indicative | Optative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | she-m-i-q'var-d-a | she-m-i-q'var-d-e-s |
| 2s | she-g-i-q'var-d-a | she-g-i-q'var-d-e-s |
| 3s | she-u-q'var-d-a | she-u-q'var-d-e-s |
| 1pl | she-gv-i-q'var-d-a | she-gv-i-q'var-d-e-s |
| 2pl | she-g-i-q'var-d-a-t | she-g-i-q'var-d-e-t |
| 3pl | she-u-q'var-d-a-t | she-u-q'var-d-e-t |
Perfect series
This series is not especially consistent: the perfect screeve uses versionisers before the root, whereas the pluperfect and perfect subjunctive screeves take no versioniser. The series forms using the suffix -eb, with -od as a further suffix in the pluperfect and perfect subjunctive screeves.
| Perfect | Pluperfect | Perfect subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | m-q'var-eb-i-a | m-q'var-eb-od-i-a | m-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 2s | g-q'var-eb-i-a | g-q'var-eb-od-i-a | g-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 3s | q'var-eb-i-a | (h-)q'var-eb-od-i-a | (h-)q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 1pl | gv-q'var-eb-i-a | gv-q'var-eb-od-i-a | gv-q'var-eb-od-e-s |
| 2pl | g-q'var-eb-i-a-t | g-q'var-eb-od-i-a-t | g-q'var-eb-od-e-t |
| 3pl | q'var-eb-i-a-t | (h-)q'var-eb-od-i-a-t | (h-)q'var-eb-od-e-t |
N.B. It is important to bear in mind that each verb form given in the tables has a further five forms corresponding to the 1st and 2nd person singular direct objects, and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person plural direct objects, giving a theoretical total of 396 bi-personal forms! In practice however these forms are not always distinct (for example the plurality of the 3rd person is not always present in the form). For further discussion, see 'Direct and indirect objects'.
Read more about this topic: Georgian Verb Paradigm
Famous quotes containing the word class:
“One of the strengths I derive from my class background is that I am accustomed to contempt.”
—Dorothy Allison (b. 1949)