Class 2 (intransitive Verbs)
- In class 2 verbs, the subject is in the nominative case for all series, using the v- set marker. Indirect objects (the benefactor or possessive) are indicated with the m- set marker.
- The pattern of preverbs and thematic suffixes is generally the same as with class 1 verbs, except in the perfective series.
- Almost all intransitives utilise the thematic suffix -eb in formation. Additionally, intransitives may use formational affixes: resulting in a total of three types of formation pattern in intransitives:
- prefixal: i- appears immediately before the verb root
- suffixal: -d appears immediately after the verb root
- markerless: no affixes appear
Below is a full conjugation of an intransitive verb:
Verb root
bad; infinite form dabadeba (to be born)
This verb exhibits the prefixal intransitive pattern; i- is placed immediately before the verb root in all series apart from the perfective.
Present subseries
The thematic suffix -eb is present, without the preverb:
| Present indicative | Imperfect | Present subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | v-i-bad-eb-i | v-i-bad-eb-od-i | v-i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 2s | i-bad-eb-i | i-bad-eb-od-i | i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 3s | i-bad-eb-a | i-bad-eb-od-a | i-bad-eb-od-e-s |
| 1pl | v-i-bad-eb-i-t | v-i-bad-eb-od-i-t | v-i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 2pl | i-bad-eb-i-t | i-bad-eb-od-i-t | i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 3pl | i-bad-eb-i-an | i-bad-eb-od-nen | i-bad-eb-od-nen |
Future subseries
The preverb da- emerges:
| Future indicative | Conditional | Future subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | da-v-i-bad-eb-i | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-i | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 2s | da-i-bad-eb-i | da-i-bad-eb-od-i | da-i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 3s | da-i-bad-eb-a | da-i-bad-eb-od-a | da-i-bad-eb-od-e-s |
| 1pl | da-v-i-bad-eb-i-t | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-i-t | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 2pl | da-i-bad-eb-i-t | da-i-bad-eb-od-i-t | da-i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 3pl | da-i-bad-eb-i-an | da-i-bad-eb-od-nen | da-i-bad-eb-od-nen |
Aorist series
The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost:
| Aorist indicative | Optative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | da-v-i-bad-e | da-v-i-bad-o |
| 2s | da-i-bad-e | da-i-bad-o |
| 3s | da-i-bad-a | da-i-bad-o-s |
| 1pl | da-v-i-bad-e-t | da-v-i-bad-o-t |
| 2pl | da-i-bad-e-t | da-i-bad-o-t |
| 3pl | da-i-bad-nen | da-i-bad-o-n |
Perfective series
Formation comprises the past participle (da-(v)-bad-eb-ul-i), followed by a form of the copula:
| Perfect | Pluperfect | Perfect subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | da-v-bad-eb-ul-v-a-r | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o |
| 2s | da-bad-eb-ul-x-a-r | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o |
| 3s | da-bad-eb-ul-a | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-s |
| 1pl | da-v-bad-eb-ul-v-a-r-t | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i-t | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-t |
| 2pl | da-bad-eb-ul-x-a-r-t | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i-t | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-t |
| 3pl | da-bad-eb-ul-an | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'v-nen | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-n |
Read more about this topic: Georgian Verb Paradigm
Famous quotes containing the word class:
“There is a struggle between the Oriental and the Occidental in every nation; some who would be forever contemplating the sun, and some who are hastening toward the sunset. The former class says to the latter, When you have reached the sunset, you will be no nearer to the sun. To which the latter replies, But we so prolong the day.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)