Class 2 (intransitive Verbs)
- In class 2 verbs, the subject is in the nominative case for all series, using the v- set marker. Indirect objects (the benefactor or possessive) are indicated with the m- set marker.
- The pattern of preverbs and thematic suffixes is generally the same as with class 1 verbs, except in the perfective series.
- Almost all intransitives utilise the thematic suffix -eb in formation. Additionally, intransitives may use formational affixes: resulting in a total of three types of formation pattern in intransitives:
- prefixal: i- appears immediately before the verb root
- suffixal: -d appears immediately after the verb root
- markerless: no affixes appear
Below is a full conjugation of an intransitive verb:
Verb root
bad; infinite form dabadeba (to be born)
This verb exhibits the prefixal intransitive pattern; i- is placed immediately before the verb root in all series apart from the perfective.
Present subseries
The thematic suffix -eb is present, without the preverb:
| Present indicative | Imperfect | Present subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | v-i-bad-eb-i | v-i-bad-eb-od-i | v-i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 2s | i-bad-eb-i | i-bad-eb-od-i | i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 3s | i-bad-eb-a | i-bad-eb-od-a | i-bad-eb-od-e-s |
| 1pl | v-i-bad-eb-i-t | v-i-bad-eb-od-i-t | v-i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 2pl | i-bad-eb-i-t | i-bad-eb-od-i-t | i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 3pl | i-bad-eb-i-an | i-bad-eb-od-nen | i-bad-eb-od-nen |
Future subseries
The preverb da- emerges:
| Future indicative | Conditional | Future subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | da-v-i-bad-eb-i | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-i | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 2s | da-i-bad-eb-i | da-i-bad-eb-od-i | da-i-bad-eb-od-e |
| 3s | da-i-bad-eb-a | da-i-bad-eb-od-a | da-i-bad-eb-od-e-s |
| 1pl | da-v-i-bad-eb-i-t | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-i-t | da-v-i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 2pl | da-i-bad-eb-i-t | da-i-bad-eb-od-i-t | da-i-bad-eb-od-e-t |
| 3pl | da-i-bad-eb-i-an | da-i-bad-eb-od-nen | da-i-bad-eb-od-nen |
Aorist series
The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost:
| Aorist indicative | Optative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | da-v-i-bad-e | da-v-i-bad-o |
| 2s | da-i-bad-e | da-i-bad-o |
| 3s | da-i-bad-a | da-i-bad-o-s |
| 1pl | da-v-i-bad-e-t | da-v-i-bad-o-t |
| 2pl | da-i-bad-e-t | da-i-bad-o-t |
| 3pl | da-i-bad-nen | da-i-bad-o-n |
Perfective series
Formation comprises the past participle (da-(v)-bad-eb-ul-i), followed by a form of the copula:
| Perfect | Pluperfect | Perfect subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | da-v-bad-eb-ul-v-a-r | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o |
| 2s | da-bad-eb-ul-x-a-r | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o |
| 3s | da-bad-eb-ul-a | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-s |
| 1pl | da-v-bad-eb-ul-v-a-r-t | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i-t | da-v-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-t |
| 2pl | da-bad-eb-ul-x-a-r-t | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'av-i-t | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-t |
| 3pl | da-bad-eb-ul-an | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'v-nen | da-bad-eb-ul-i-q'-o-n |
Read more about this topic: Georgian Verb Paradigm
Famous quotes containing the word class:
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—W. Winwood Reade (1838–1875)