Political Ideology
Initially close to Socialist theories, although critical of Marxist state socialism, he increasingly rejected it as a political ideal, though he did participate in 1908 municipal elections as a Socialist candidate. He rejected the label "anarchist", but his ideas are nevertheless often regarded as a form of anarchism or at least as libertarianism. His ideas have some commonality with classical liberalism, including his definition of the individual and his opposition to various barriers to trade. However, he opposed it in so far as, in his view, individual being is not determined by rational choice, since social determinism is constantly at work. In the economic field, he also objected to capitalists seeking profits to the detriment of the poor, and called for a "politics of the belly."
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