Traditional Gabriel Synthesis
In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is N-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N-alkylphthalimide. The reaction fails with most secondary alkyl halides:
Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing-Manske procedure, involving reaction with aqueous or ethanolic hydrazine at reflux. This produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide along with the primary amine. The first technique often produces bad yields or side products; separation of phthalhydrazide can be unpleasant. For these reasons, other methods for liberating the amine from the phthalimide exist. Even with the use of the hydrazinolysis method, the Gabriel method suffers from relatively harsh conditions.
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