Fundamental Unit (number Theory) - Real Quadratic Fields

Real Quadratic Fields

For the real quadratic field (with d square-free), the fundamental unit ε is commonly normalized so that |ε| > 1. Then it is uniquely characterized as the minimal unit whose absolute value is > 1. If Δ denotes the discriminant of K, then the fundamental unit is

where (a, b) is the smallest solution to

in positive integers. This equation is basically Pell's equation or the negative Pell equation and its solutions can be obtained similarly using the continued fraction expansion of .

Whether or not x2 − Δy2 = −4 has a solution determines whether or not the class group of K is the same as its narrow class group, or equivalently, whether or not there is a unit of norm −1 in K. This equation is known to have a solution if, and only if, the period of the continued fraction expansion of is odd. A simpler relation can be obtained using congruences: if Δ is divisible by a prime that is congruent to 3 modulo 4, then K does not have a unit of norm −1. However, the converse does not hold as shown by the example d = 34. In the early 1990s, Peter Stevenhagen proposed a probabilistic model that led him to a conjecture on how often the converse fails. Specifically, if D(X) is the number of real quadratic fields whose discriminant Δ < X is not divisible by a prime congruent to 3 modulo 4 and D−(X) is those who have a unit of norm −1, then

In other words, the converse fails about 42% of the time. As of March 2012, a recent result towards this conjecture was provided by Étienne Fouvry and Jürgen Klüners who show that the converse fails between 33% and 59% of the time.