Freiman's Theorem

In mathematics, Freiman's theorem is a combinatorial result in number theory. In a sense it accounts for the approximate structure of sets of integers that contain a high proportion of their internal sums, taken two at a time.

The formal statement is:

Let A be a finite set of integers such that the sumset

is small, in the sense that

for some constant . There exists an n-dimensional arithmetic progression of length

that contains A, and such that c' and n depend only on c.

A simple instructive case is the following. We always have |A+A| ≥ 2|A|-1, with equality precisely when A is an arithmetic progression.

This result is due to Gregory Freiman (1964,1966). Much interest in it, and applications, stemmed from a new proof by Imre Z. Ruzsa (1994).