Fractal Antennas, Frequency Invariance, and Maxwell's Equations
A different and also useful attribute of some fractal element antennas is their self-scaling aspect. In 1957, V.H. Rumsey presented results that self-similarity was one of the underlying requirements to make antennas "invariant" (same radiation properties) at a number or range of frequencies. Work by Y. Mushiake in Japan starting in 1948 demonstrated similar results of frequency independent antennas having self-similarity.
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