General Formulation
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem can be formulated in many ways; one particularly useful form is the following:
Let be an observable of a dynamical system with Hamiltonian subject to thermal fluctuations. The observable will fluctuate around its mean value with fluctuations characterized by a power spectrum . Suppose that we can switch on a scalar field which alters the Hamiltonian to . The response of the observable to a time-dependent field is characterized to first order by the susceptibility or linear response function of the system
where the perturbation is adiabatically switched on at .
Now the fluctuation-dissipation theorem relates the power spectrum of to the imaginary part of the Fourier transform of the susceptibility ,
- .
The left-hand side describes fluctuations in, the right-hand side is closely related to the energy dissipated by the system when pumped by an oscillatory field .
This is the classical form of the theorem; quantum fluctuations are taken into account by replacing with (whose limit for is ). A proof can be found by means of the LSZ reduction, an identity from quantum field theory.
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem can be generalized in a straightforward way to the case of space-dependent fields, to the case of several variables or to a quantum-mechanics setting.
Read more about this topic: Fluctuation-dissipation Theorem
Famous quotes containing the words general and/or formulation:
“Every general increase of freedom is accompanied by some degeneracy, attributable to the same causes as the freedom.”
—Charles Horton Cooley (18641929)
“You do not mean by mystery what a Catholic does. You mean an interesting uncertainty: the uncertainty ceasing interest ceases also.... But a Catholic by mystery means an incomprehensible certainty: without certainty, without formulation there is no interest;... the clearer the formulation the greater the interest.”
—Gerard Manley Hopkins (18441889)