Flow Visualization - Methods of Visualization

Methods of Visualization

In experimental fluid dynamics, flows are visualized by three methods:

• Surface flow visualization: This reveals the flow streamlines in the limit as a solid surface is approached. Colored oil applied to the surface of a wind tunnel model provides one example (the oil responds to the surface shear stress and forms a pattern).
• Particle tracer methods: Particles, such as smoke, can be added to a flow to trace the fluid motion. We can illuminate the particles with a sheet of laser light in order to visualize a slice of a complicated fluid flow pattern. Assuming that the particles faithfully follow the streamlines of the flow, we can not only visualize the flow but also measure its velocity using the particle image velocimetry or particle tracking velocimetry methods.
• Optical methods: Some flows reveal their patterns by way of changes in their optical refractive index. These are visualized by optical methods known as the shadowgraph, schlieren photography, and interferometry. More directly, dyes can be added to (usually liquid) flows to measure concentrations; typically employing the light attenuation or laser-induced fluorescence techniques.

In scientific visualization flows are visualized with two main methods:

• Analytical methods, that analyse a given flow and show properties like Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines. The flow can either be given in a finite representation or as a smooth function.
• Texture advection methods that "bend" textures (or images) according to the flow. As the image is always finite (the flow though could be given as a smooth function), these methods will visualize approximations of the real flow.