Large Exotic R4s
An exotic R4 is called large if it cannot be smoothly embedded as an open subset of the standard R4.
Examples of large exotic R4s can be constructed using the fact that compact 4 manifolds can often be split as a topological sum (by Freedman's work), but cannot be split as a smooth sum (by Donaldson's work).
Michael Hartley Freedman and Laurence R. Taylor (1986) showed that there is a unique maximal exotic R4, into which all other R4s can be smoothly embedded as open subsets.
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