General Characteristics of Exfoliation Joints
- Commonly follow topography (Gilbert, 1904; Matthes, 1930; Goodman, 1993).
- Divide the rock into sub-planar slabs (Goodman, 1993).
- Joint spacing increases with depth from a few centimeters near the surface to a few meters (Dale, 1923; Jahns, 1943; Goodman, 1993).
- Maximum depth of observed occurrence is around 100 meters (Dale, 1923; Jahns, 1943; Holzhausen, 1989; Goodman, 1993).
- Deeper joints have a larger radius of curvature, which tends to round the corners of the landscape as material is eroded (Gilbert, 1904; Dale, 1923; Matthes, 1930; Jahns, 1943; Goodman, 1993).
- Fracture mode is tensile (Bahat et al., 1999; Mandl, 2005).
- Occur in many different lithologies and climate zones, not unique to glaciated landscapes (Bradley 1963; Twidale, 1973; Goodman, 1993).
- Host rock is generally sparsely jointed, fairly isotropic, and has high compressive strength (Gilbert, 1904; Jahns, 1943; Twidale, 1973).
- Can have concave and convex upwards curvatures (Gilbert, 1904; Matthes, 1930; Romani and Twidale, 1999).
- Often associated with secondary compressive forms such as arching, buckling, and A-tents (buckled slabs) (Romani and Twidale, 1999).
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