Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel (1892–1985) was a German Jewish microbiologist. After having been expelled from Germany by the Nazis and moving to London, she pioneered the study of mycoplasma. In 1935, she discovered and cultured unusual strains of bacteria that lacked a cell wall, naming these strains "L-form bacteria" after the Lister Institute where she was working at the time. She is honored by the International Organization for Mycoplasmology by an annual Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel Award to outstanding scientists working on mycoplasma.