Economics of Fascism - Essential Features of The Economies of The Fascist States

Essential Features of The Economies of The Fascist States

The concept of "state monopoly capitalism" (MMC) describes approximately the same phenomenon as the "dirigisme" - a policy of active intervention in the management of the economy of the state. The author of "An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe" (Cambridge, 2006), Ivan T. Berend said the economy of Nazi Germany just these features: the government has a strong control action, effectively controlling the production and distribution of resources. On the whole, except in a few cases, nationalization of the economy of the fascist states developed on the basis of private property and of private initiative, but it was subordinated to the tasks of the state As part of the relations between workers and employers fascism guided by the principles of social Darwinism: the strongest support, rooting out the weakest. In economic practice, this meant, on the one hand, protecting the interests of successful businessmen, on the other - the destruction of trade unions and other organizations of the working class, "the use of extreme violence to suppress the working class and all working people." As he wrote in 1936, Gaetano Salvemini, saying the responsibility of taxpayers to private capitalist enterprises, the state thus covers failures of the capitalists' profits - business and private individual; loss - public and social work ", see Privatization revenues and socialization of losses . The fascist government approved pursuit of private profit and gave significant concessions to large corporations, requiring instead that all of their economic activities serve the public interest. An essential element of the economic doctrines of the Nazi party was the belief that the economic suffering of the exploited classes will go into the past as soon as the nation completes its cultural and spiritual revival, the official anthem of the NSDAP, "Horst Wessel" promised "to live long slavery" (German: Die Knechtschaft dauert nur mehr kurze Zeit). However, since the destruction of the issues of exploitation has long been staged in Germany, in particular, and German Social Democrats, on the level of ordinary members of the NSDAP was no unanimity on this issue, and often their views on economic policy, they would have supported, were diametrically opposed . Coming to power, the Nazis adapted its economic doctrine to political expediency. In the history of regimes that have lasted a long time (such as Italy under Mussolini), observed regularly, sometimes substantial revisions of economic policy. In 1919, at a rally on the square in Milan Sepolkro San Benito Mussolini said:

"We want to be aristocrats and democrats, conservatives and liberals, reactionaries and revolutionaries, legalists and antilegalistami - depending on the circumstances of the time, place and situation."

Subsequently, the ideologues of fascism made against the proletarian internationalism, and against the liberal capitalism, arguing that their views represent a third way (Italian terza via), a real alternative to both capitalism and free competition (laissez-faire), and the planned socialist economy (in their terminology - communism). The Nazis favored corporatism and class collaboration for assuming - as opposed to the Socialists - that the existence of inequality and the division of society into classes - it's good. "Enciclopedia Italiana" in 1932, wrote in an article entitled "The Doctrine of Fascism": "Fascism is a necessary fixes, productive and beneficial inequality of men." In contrast, proponents of liberalism, the Nazis welcomed the participation of the government in resolving the interclass protovorechy. Foreign economic policy of the fascist states was based on the need to achieve independence from foreign markets and foreign capital. Maintaining strict control over imports, the movement of funds between the country and abroad, in some cases, the state resorted to a direct prohibition of certain foreign operations. However, this economic autarky system is not sought, as this term implies a complete closure of reproduction processes, eliminating not only imports but also exports, while exports to Italy as a source of foreign currency is not refused. One of the most essential characteristics of the fascist states of the economy was extremely high degree of militarization - the share of military items in the budget and the total product going to the military.