Terminology
In the Russian language (similar to other East Slavic languages) a general-purpose word for "church" is tserkov. When spoken in an exalted sense, the term khram (Храм), "temple", is used to refer to the church building as a Temple of God (Khram Bozhy). The words "church" and "temple", in this case are interchangeable; however, the term “church” (Greek: εκκλησία) is far more common in English. The term "temple" (Greek: ναός) is also commonly applied to larger churches. Some famous churches which are occasionally referred to as temples include Hagia Sophia, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Temple of Saint Sava.
Some churches have a special status and referred to as soborny khram (cоборный храм) or simply sobor, from the Old Russian word for "gathering" (see sobor for other meanings). In Greek, diocesan sees are referred to as καθεδρικός ναός. In Russian, a cathedral is a "sobor" (Russian: кафедральный собор, kafedralny sobor). The seat of the Patriarch is called a "patriarchal sobor" (Патриарший собор, Patriarchiy sobor) The main church of a monastery may also called a "sobor". If a bishop builds a new sobor for his cathedra, the old church retains its status of a sobor. The status of sobor may be assigned only by the Patriarch.
The major church in a monastery is called a catholicon, and may be reserved for major services, lesser services being celebrated in other churches in the monastery.
A church independent of local eparchy is called "stauropegial sobor" (Greek stauropegia means "mounting of the cross"). For example, patriarchal sobors are stauropigial ones.
Another kind of extra-eparchial churches are house churches, which belong to households.
Read more about this topic: Eastern Orthodox Church Architecture