Phonological Differences
Eastern Iranian languages have wide-spread sound changes, e.g. č > c, d > ð > l, and b > v/w, as shown in the table below.
| Avestan | Pashto | Munji | Sanglechi | Wakhi | Shughni | Parachi | Ormuri | Yaghnobi | Ossetic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aēva- "one" |
yaw | yu | vak | yi | yiw | žu | sō | ī | iu |
| čaθwārō "four" |
calṓr | čfūr | cəfúr | cībɨr | cavṓr | čōr | cār | tafór | cippar |
| hapta "seven" |
ōwə | ōvda | ōvδ | ɨb | ūvd | hōt | wō | avd | avd |
| dasa "ten" |
las | los / dā1 | dos | δas | δis | dōs | das | das | dæs |
| gav- "cow" |
γwā | γṓw | uγūi | γīw | žōw | gū | gioe | γov | x”ug |
| brātar- "brother" |
wrōr | vəróy | vrūδ | vīrīt | virṓd | byā | marzā2 | virūt | ærvad |
Another sound change found in the Shughni–Yazgulyam branch and Pashto dialects is ṣ̌ > x̌ > x, e.g. "meat" is ɡuṣ̌t in Wakhi but changes to guxt in Shughni, and Southern Pashto γwaṣ̌a ("meat") changes to γwax̌a in Central Pashto and γwaxa in Northern Pashto.
The neighboring Indo-Aryan languages have exerted a pervasive external influence on Eastern Iranian, as it is evident in the development in the retroflex consonants (in Pashto, Wakhi, Sanglechi, Khotanese, etc.) and aspirates (in Khotanese, Parachi and Ormuri).
Read more about this topic: Eastern Iranian Languages
Famous quotes containing the word differences:
“The mother must teach her son how to respect and follow the rules. She must teach him how to compete successfully with the other boys. And she must teach him how to find a woman to take care of him and finish the job she began of training him how to live in a family. But no matter how good a job a woman does in teaching a boy how to be a man, he knows that she is not the real thing, and so he tends to exaggerate the differences between men and women that she embodies.”
—Frank Pittman (20th century)