The Doctrine of the Mean (Chinese: 中庸; pinyin: zhōng yōng), is both a doctrine of Confucianism and also the title of one of the Four Books of Confucian philosophy.
The text is attributed to Zisi (also known as Kong Ji), the only grandson of Confucius. It was published as a chapter in the Classic of Rites.
The phrase Doctrine of the Mean (zhōng yōng) first occurs in Book VI, verse 26 of the Analects of Confucius:
| “ | The Master said, The virtue embodied in the doctrine of the Mean is of the highest order. But it has long been rare among people | ” |
| — Analects, 6:26 (Burton Watson tr.) |
Analects never expands on what this term means, but Zisi's text, Doctrine of the Mean, explores its meaning in detail, as well as how to apply it to one's life. The text was adopted into the canon of the Neo-Confucian movement, as compiled by Zhu Xi.
Although Burton Watson translated zhōng yōng as Doctrine of the Mean, other English-language translators have rendered it differently. James Legge called it Constant Mean. Pierre Ryckmans (aka Simon Leys) Middle Way, while Arthur Waley chose Middle Use. Ezra Pound's attempts include Unswerving, Pivot, and Unwobbling Pivot. Roger T. Ames and David L. Hall titled their 2001 translation Focusing the Familiar.
Read more about Doctrine Of The Mean: Interpretation, In Chinese Society
Famous quotes containing the words the mean, doctrine of and/or doctrine:
“False greatness is unsociable and remote: conscious of its own frailty, it hides, or at least averts its face, and reveals itself only enough to create an illusion and not be recognized as the meanness that it really is. True greatness is free, kind, familiar and popular; it lets itself be touched and handled, it loses nothing by being seen at close quarters; the better one knows it, the more one admires it.”
—Jean De La Bruyère (1645–1696)
“I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life.”
—Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)
“There is a doctrine uttered in secret that man is a prisoner who has no right to open the door of his prison and run away.”
—Plato (c. 427–347 B.C.)