Languages
Dardic languages can be organized into the following subfamilies:
- Pashai languages: Pashayi
- Kunar languages: Gawar-Bati, Dameli, Shumashti and Nangalami (includes Grangali)
- Chitral languages: Khowar and Kalasha
- Kohistani languages: Kalami, Torwali, Kalkoti, Indus Kohistani, Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Wotapuri-Katarqalai and Tirahi
- Shina languages: Shina, Brokskad (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh), Ushojo, Domaaki, Palula and Savi
- Kashmiri (Kashtawari/Kishtwari, Poguli, Rambani)
In other classifications, Pashai may be included within Kunar, and Kashmiri within Shina.
Kohistan is a Persian word that means ‘land of mountains’; Kohistani can be translated as ‘mountain people’ or ‘mountain language’ and is popularly used to refer to several distinct languages in the mountain areas of Northern Pakistan, including Maiya, Kalami, and Torwali.
Recording about the Torwals, a non Pashtun tribe which with the Garhwis, occupied both lower and upper Swat prior to the invasion of Swat by the Yusufzai Pashtun in the sixteenth century AD.
| “ | The Pathans call them, and all other Muhammadans of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis. | ” |
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Famous quotes containing the word languages:
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—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“People in places many of us never heard of, whose names we can’t pronounce or even spell, are speaking up for themselves. They speak in languages we once classified as “exotic” but whose mastery is now essential for our diplomats and businessmen. But what they say is very much the same the world over. They want a decent standard of living. They want human dignity and a voice in their own futures. They want their children to grow up strong and healthy and free.”
—Hubert H. Humphrey (1911–1978)
“Science and technology multiply around us. To an increasing extent they dictate the languages in which we speak and think. Either we use those languages, or we remain mute.”
—J.G. (James Graham)