Coordinating Access To Resources
One of the major issues in concurrent computing is preventing concurrent processes from interfering with each other. For example, consider the following algorithm for making withdrawals from a checking account represented by the shared resource balance:
Suppose balance=500, and two concurrent threads make the calls withdraw(300) and withdraw(350). If line 3 in both operations executes before line 5 both operations will find that balance > withdrawal evaluates to true, and execution will proceed to subtracting the withdrawal amount. However, since both processes perform their withdrawals, the total amount withdrawn will end up being more than the original balance. These sorts of problems with shared resources require the use of concurrency control, or non-blocking algorithms.
Because concurrent systems rely on the use of shared resources (including communication media), concurrent computing in general requires the use of some form of arbiter somewhere in the implementation to mediate access to these resources.
Unfortunately, while many solutions exist to the problem of a conflict over one resource, many of those "solutions" have their own concurrency problems such as deadlock when more than one resource is involved.
Read more about this topic: Concurrent Computing
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