Citation Signal - Signal Formatting

Signal Formatting

  • Capitalizing Signals
The first letter of a signal should be capitalized when it begins a citation sentence. However, if the signal is within a citation clause or appears within a citation sentence, it should not be capitalized.
  • Signal Placement and Typeface
One space should separate an introductory signal from the rest of the citation, with no punctuation in between.
Example: See American Trucking Associations v. United States EPA, 195 F.3d 4 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
Do not italicize a signal if it is being used as a verb.
Example: For a discussion of the Environmental Protection Agency's failure to interpret a statute to provide intelligible principles, see American Trucking Associations v. United States EPA, 195 F.3d 4 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

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