Citation Signal - Internal Cross-references

Internal Cross-references

Portions of text, footnotes, and groups of authorities within the piece may be cited using supra or infra. Use supra to refer back to material that has already appeared within the piece. Use infra to refer to material that appears later in the piece. "Note" and "Part" are used to refer to footnotes and parts (when parts are specifically designed) within the same piece; "p." and "pp." are used to refer to other pages within the same piece. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Columbia Law Review Ass'n et al. eds., 18th ed. 2005).

However, avoid heavy usage of infra, supra, op. cit, loc. cit, and similar abbreviations that refer to citations that appear elsewhere in the writing. These forms burden readers by forcing them to hunt for the full citation elsewhere in the work. Generally, these abbreviations should be used sparingly and only (1) to avoid repeating a lengthy footnote and/or, (2) to cross-reference a nearby footnote.

A list of internal cross-reference forms.

• See supra text accompanying notes 201-02
• See supra notes 11-12, 45-46 and accompanying text.
• See cases cited supra note 12.
• But see supra Part V.A-C.
• See infra pp. 11–12
• See infra p. 98 and note 123