- Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848), mathematician and philosopher
- Vincenz Czerny (1842 - 1916), surgeon
- Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829), philologist and historian
- Anton Gindely (1829–1892), historian
- Jan Hus (1369–1415), religious thinker and reformer
- Karel Hynek Mácha (1810–1836), poet and writer
- Jan Marek Marci (1595–1677), physician
- Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869), physiologist
- Agustín Stahl (1842–1917), scientist
- Ferdinand Stoliczka (1838–1874), paleontologist
- Matthias of Trakai (c. 1370–1453), Bishop of Vilnius
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- Václav Bělohradský (b. 1944) philosopher
- Antonín Holý (1936 – 2012) Czech chemist, played an important role in creating drugs to treat HIV and AIDS
- Edvard Beneš (1884–1948), sociologist, second president of Czechoslovakia
- Adalbert Czerny (1863–1941), pediatrician
- Karel Čapek (1890–1938), writer
- Eduard Čech (1893–1960), mathematician
- Stanislav Grof (b. 1931), a founder of transpersonal psychology
- Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967), chemist, Nobel laureate
- Miroslav Holub (1923–1998), writer and immunologist
- Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), writer
- Jan Janský (1873–1921), discoverer of blood types
- Karl I of Austria (1887–1922), last emperor of Austria, last king of Bohemia (Czech & German universities)
- Jan Kavan (b. 1946), politician and diplomat
- Luboš Kohoutek (b. 1935), astronomer
- Henry Kucera (b. 1925), linguist/cognitive scientist
- Martin Kukučín (1860–1928), Slovak writer
- Milan Kundera (b. 1929), writer
- Lyubomir Miletich (1863–1937), Bulgarian academician
- George Placzek (1905–1955), physicist
- Jan Stráský (b. 1940), politician
- Ota Šik (1919–2004), economist
- Vavro Šrobár (1867–1950), Czechoslovak physician and politician of Slovak origin
- Peter Tomka (b. 1956), International Court of Justice judge
- Ivana Trump (b. 1949), Socialite and entrepreneur
- Vladislav Vančura (1891–1942), writer
Haik Assatrian (1900-1956) Armenian historian/philosopher
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- Ferdinand Blumentritt
- Johann Böhm
- Max Brod (1884–1968), writer
- Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984), biochemist, Nobel laureate
- Gerty Cori (1896–1957), biochemist, Nobel laureate
- Carl Friedrich Heinrich Credner
- Karl Deutsch (1912–1992), social and political scientist
- Viktor Fischl (1912–2006), poet and diplomat
- Karl Hermann Frank
- Hermann Grab
- Erich Heller
- Friedrich Hopfner
- Franz Hofmeister
- Franz Kafka (1883–1924), writer
- Karl I of Austria (1887–1922), last emperor of Austria, last king of Bohemia (German & Czech universities)
- Egon Erwin Kisch (1885–1948), writer and journalist
- Wilhelm Klein
- Paul Kornfeld
- Arthur Mahler
- August Leopold von Reuss
- Rainer Maria Rilke
- Johannes Urzidil (1896–1970), writer and journalist
- Felix Weltsch
- Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), psychologist
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