Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome - Genetic Causes of CFC

Genetic Causes of CFC

Costello and Noonan syndrome are similar to CFC and their phenotypic overlap may be due to the biochemical relationship of the genes mutated in each syndrome to each other. Genes that are mutated in all three of these syndromes encode proteins that function in the MAP kinase pathway.

• Mutations that cause CFC are found in the KRAS, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 genes.
• Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in HRAS.
• Mutations that cause Noonan Syndrome have been found in PTPN11 and SOS1.

The relative severity of CFC when compared to Noonan Syndrome may reflect the position in the biochemical pathway each gene occupies.

• Shp2, the protein product of the PTPN11, appears to regulate the MAP kinase pathway at or above the level of SOS1.
• SOS1 in turn regulates the activities of RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK and p90RSK.
• SOS1 has been demonstrated to be a target of negative feedback by ERK and p90RSK.

Thus, any activating mutation downstream of SOS1 may be subject to less regulation that may mitigate the consequence of such mutations giving rise to the phenotypic differences seen between these syndromes.