Azd 'Uman
The Azd 'Uman were for a while the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern realms of the Caliphate being instrumental in the conquest of Fars, Makran and Sindh. They were the chief merchant group of Oman and Al-Ubulla who organized a trading diaspora with settlements of Persianized Arabs on the coasts of Kirman and Makran extending into Sindh since the days of Ardashir. They were strongly involved in the western trade with India and with the expansion of the Muslim conquests they began to consolidate their commercial and political authority on the eastern frontier. During the early years of the Muslim conquests the Azdi ports of Bahrain and Oman were staging grounds for Muslim naval fleets headed to Fars and Hind. From 637 A.D the conquests of Fars and Makran were dominated by the Azdi and allied tribes from Oman. Between 665 A.D and 683 A.D the Azdi 'Uman became especially prominent due in Basra on account of favors from Ziyad bin Abihi, the Governor of Muawiya I, and his son Ubaidullah. When a member of their tribe Abu Said Al- Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah became governor their influence and wealth increased as he extended Muslim conquests to Makran and Sindh where so many other Azdi were settled. After his death in 702 though they lost their grip on power with the rise of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf as governor of Iraq. Al-Hajjaj pursued a systematic policy of breaking Umayyad power as a result of which the Azdi also suffered. With the death of Hajjaj and under Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik as Caliph, their fortunes reversed once again with the appointment of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.
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