Composition
Air is mainly composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, which together constitute the major gases of the atmosphere. The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present, such as chlorine (elementary or in compounds), fluorine compounds, elemental mercury, and sulfur compounds such as sulfur dioxide .
| ppmv: parts per million by volume (note: volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only, see volume (thermodynamics)) | |
| Gas | Volume |
|---|---|
| Nitrogen (N2) | 780,840 ppmv (78.084%) |
| Oxygen (O2) | 209,460 ppmv (20.946%) |
| Argon (Ar) | 9,340 ppmv (0.9340%) |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) | 394.45 ppmv (0.039445%) |
| Neon (Ne) | 18.18 ppmv (0.001818%) |
| Helium (He) | 5.24 ppmv (0.000524%) |
| Methane (CH4) | 1.79 ppmv (0.000179%) |
| Krypton (Kr) | 1.14 ppmv (0.000114%) |
| Hydrogen (H2) | 0.55 ppmv (0.000055%) |
| Nitrous oxide (N2O) | 0.325 ppmv (0.0000325%) |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 0.1 ppmv (0.00001%) |
| Xenon (Xe) | 0.09 ppmv (9×10−6%) (0.000009%) |
| Ozone (O3) | 0.0 to 0.07 ppmv (0 to 7×10−6%) |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 0.02 ppmv (2×10−6%) (0.000002%) |
| Iodine (I2) | 0.01 ppmv (1×10−6%) (0.000001%) |
| Ammonia (NH3) | trace |
| Not included in above dry atmosphere: | |
| Water vapor (H2O) | ~0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1%-4% at surface |
Read more about this topic: Atmosphere Of Earth
Famous quotes containing the word composition:
“There is singularly nothing that makes a difference a difference in beginning and in the middle and in ending except that each generation has something different at which they are all looking. By this I mean so simply that anybody knows it that composition is the difference which makes each and all of them then different from other generations and this is what makes everything different otherwise they are all alike and everybody knows it because everybody says it.”
—Gertrude Stein (1874–1946)
“Modern Western thought will pass into history and be incorporated in it, will have its influence and its place, just as our body will pass into the composition of grass, of sheep, of cutlets, and of men. We do not like that kind of immortality, but what is to be done about it?”
—Alexander Herzen (1812–1870)
“At painful times, when composition is impossible and reading is not enough, grammars and dictionaries are excellent for distraction.”
—Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861)