20th Century
Atamans were the titles of supreme leaders of various Cossack armies during the Russian Civil War. When Ukraine acquired its independence in 1918, the rank took on different value. Among the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army, it was equivalent to a major, as is the battalion executive officer today. In the Ukrainian People's Republic, the title was of a general rank. Chief Otoman (Головний отаман) was the general of the Ukrainian Army who was assisted by his deputies, Acting Otomans.
The head of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, in particular, Symon Petliura, was called Supreme Otaman (Головний отаман).
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“But countless plagues wander among men; for earth is full of evils, and the sea is full.”
—Hesiod (c. 8th century B.C.)