Aronson is a surname. It may refer to:
- Billy Aronson - American playwright
- Boris Aronson (1898–1980) - American artist and set designer
- Chaim Aronson (1825–1893) - Lithuanian inventor and memoirist in Tsarist Russia
- Elliot Aronson - American psychologist
- James Aronson (1915–1988) - American journalist
- Jan Aronson - American artist
- Dr. Jason Aronson - American psychologist and founder of Jason Aronson publishing
- J. Hugo Aronson (1891–1978) - American politician
- Judie Aronson - American actress
- Letty Aronson - American film producer, sister of Woody Allen
- Marita Aronson - Swedish politician
- Max Aronson - birth name of American film actor Broncho Billy Anderson (1880–1971)
- Shlomo Aronson - Israeli architect
- Theo Aronson (1929–2003) - South Africa-born biographer of English royals
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