Endogenous
| Inhibitors | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| soluble VEGFR-1 and NRP-1 | decoy receptors for VEGF-B and PIGF |
| Angiopoietin 2 | antagonist of angiopoietin 1 |
| TSP-1 and TSP-2 | inhibit cell migration, cell proliferation, cell adhesion and survival of endothelial cells |
| angiostatin and related molecules | inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of endothelial cells |
| endostatin | inhibit cell migration, cell proliferation and survival of endothelial cells |
| vasostatin, calreticulin | inhibit cell proliferation of endothelial cells |
| platelet factor-4 | inhibits binding of bFGF and VEGF |
| TIMP and CDAI | inhibit cell migration of endothelial cells |
| Meth-1 and Meth-2 | |
| IFN-α, -β and -γ, CXCL10, IL-4, -12 and -18 | inhibit cell migration of endothelial cells, downregulate bFGF |
| prothrombin (kringle domain-2), antithrombin III fragment | inhibit cell proliferation of endothelial cells |
| prolactin | inhibit bFGF and VEGF |
| VEGI | affects cell proliferation of endothelial cells |
| SPARC | inhibit binding and activity of VEGF |
| osteopontin | inhibit integrin signalling |
| maspin | inhibits proteases |
| canstatin | |
| proliferin-related protein | |
| restin |
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