Alpinorum Cohorts
As mountain people, the Alpini et al. supplied mainly infantry: all the regiments in this article are cohortes save for one ala Noricorum. According to Holder, a total of 7 cohortes Alpinorum were raised, in two series, in the early 1st century. Of the first series, II Alpina is attested only in the early 1st century (in a single inscription) and was therefore evidently disbanded or destroyed in action. The other 6 survived into the 2nd century.
However, Holder's analysis requires 4 regiments called I Alpinorum: I Alpinorum, I Alpinorum eq (1), I Alpinorum eq (2) and I Alpinorum peditata. Spaul disputes this, claiming there were just two: I Alpinorum eq and I Alpinorum ped. Spaul's view seems more likely. The II Alpina mentioned above was, according to Holder, in the first series. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the first of the series was named I Alpina (unattested) and not I Alpinorum. The reason for assuming 2 I Alpinorum equitata that a unit of that name is attested both in Dacia Sup and Pannonia Inf. But it could well be the same unit shuttling between the two provinces, which were in the same region.
Two cohortes Ligurum were raised under Augustus, Ligurum equitata (no number, attested) and II Ligurum (unattested but inferred). After 70 AD they were merged with a Spanish and Corsican unit respectively, to form I Ligurum et Hispanorum c.R. and II gemina Ligurum et Corsorum. Both survived into the 2nd century.
In conclusion, a total of 7 Alpinorum, Ligurum, Montanorum and Noricorum regiments appear to have been raised in the Julio-Claudian era. Of these 6 survived in the 2nd century, although 2 of these amalgamated with other units. The following table displays the available evidence for each cohors. However, new information, in the form of diplomas or other inscriptions, continues to be discovered each year.
Cohors name |
Period founded |
Earliest record |
Latest record |
Provinces deployed (minimum periods) |
Forts occupied |
Personnel origins known (date) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I Alpinorum peditata |
J-Claudian (ante 68) |
80 | c210 | Pannonia Superior 80-167; Dacia Superior 179; Pannonia c210 |
PS: Poetovio/Carnuntum (to 107); Lussonium (107-67); Mursa (167-79) |
praefecti: 1 Italian principales: 3 Italians |
I Alpinorum equitata |
J-Claudian (ante 68) |
60 | c215 | Illyricum 60; Pannonia Inferior 80-143; Dacia Superior 144; Pann Inf 148-c215 |
PI:Carnuntum; Szazholombatta; DCS: Apulum (144); PS: Mursa (c215) |
praefecti: 1 Africa (c103); 1 Syria Palaestina caligati 1 Illyrian (159) |
II Alpinorum equitata |
J-Claudian (ante 68) |
60 | 223-35 | Illyricum 60; Pannonia Superior 84-223 | PS: Mursa; Baratsföldpuszta; Dunaubogdány (185, 223) |
praefecti: 1 city of Rome principales: 1 Illyrian |
III Alpinorum equitata |
J-Claudian (ante 68) |
75 | 216-21 | Dalmatia 75-216 | D: Humac; Burnum; Salona; Muć PS: Baratsföldpuszta. |
principales: 1 Illyrian, 1 Alpini caligati: 1 Gaul, 1 Alpini |
I Ligurum et Hispanorum quondam I Ligurum |
Augustus (ante 14) |
1st c. | 134 | Alpes Maritimae 1st c; Germania Superior 116-34 |
AM: Cimiez (1st c.); GS: Niedenberg (early 2nd c.) |
praefecti:: 1 Italian, 1 city of Rome principales: 7 Alpini (1st c), 1 Sardinian. caligati: 8 Alpini (1st c.), 1 Gaul, 1 Illyrian |
II gemina Ligurum et Corsorum quondam II Ligurum |
Augustus (ante 14) |
88 | 153 | Sardinia 88-96; Syria 153 | principales: 2 Sardinians |
Read more about this topic: Alpinorum Auxiliary Regiments